What Are Gallstones?
Gallstones are solid particles that form in the gallbladder. They develop when the components of bile become imbalanced. Bile contains cholesterol, bile salts, and waste products like bilirubin. When these substances crystallise, they form stones that can vary in size from tiny grains to large stones.
Gallstones are categorised into two main types:
- Cholesterol Gallstones: The most common type of gallstone, composed mainly of cholesterol.
- Pigment Gallstones: Made from excess bilirubin, these gallstones are associated with certain medical conditions.
Risk Factors of Gallstones
Factors that can increase the likelihood of developing gallstones include:
Lifestyle Factors
- Obesity: Excess weight increases cholesterol levels in bile, making stone formation more likely
- Diet: Consuming a diet high in fat, cholesterol, or refined carbohydrates while lacking fiber can increase one’s risk of developing gallstones
- Sedentary Lifestyle: Lack of physical activity can contribute to gallstone formation
Biological Factors
- Age and Gender: Gallstones are more common in women and older adults due to hormonal changes and other factors
- Pregnancy: Hormonal shifts during pregnancy can slow down gallbladder emptying, which increases the risk of gallstones
- Family History: A genetic predisposition to gallstones can run in families, increasing the risk level for some individuals
Medical Conditions
- Diabetes: High triglycerides in diabetic individuals can elevate the risk of developing gallstones
- Liver Disease: Conditions affecting bile production can promote gallstone formation
- Rapid Weight Loss: Losing weight quickly can increase cholesterol concentration in bile
Signs and Symptoms of Gallstones
Many people with gallstones experience no symptoms. However, symptomatic cases can cause the following symptoms:
- Pain: Sudden, intense pain in the upper right abdomen or right shoulder, often referred to as a gallbladder attack or biliary colic
- Nausea and Vomiting: Common during a gallstone attack
- Jaundice: Yellowing of the skin and eyes when gallstones block the flow of bile
- Fever or Chills: Can indicate infection, a condition known as cholecystitis
- Indigestion: Bloating, heartburn, or intolerance to fatty foods
You should seek immediate medical attention if the pain is severe or accompanied by fever, chills, or jaundice, as these may be indicative of serious complications.
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