What Is Colorectal Cancer?
Colorectal cancer is a malignancy that begins in the colon or rectum, which are parts of the large intestine. Most colorectal cancers develop from precancerous polyps, which are abnormal growths in the lining of the colon or rectum. Over time, some polyps can become cancerous, but early detection can allow for removal before they even progress.
Colorectal cancer is classified based on its location:
- Colon cancer: Originates in the colon
- Rectal cancer: Starts in the rectum, the last part of the digestive tract
While colorectal cancer often affects older adults, it can occur at any age and is increasingly being diagnosed in younger populations.
Risk Factors of Colorectal Cancer
Factors that increase the risk of developing colorectal cancer include:
Lifestyle Factors
- Diet: A diet high in red and processed meats and low in fibre increases risk of colorectal cancer.
- Physical Inactivity: A sedentary lifestyle contributes to obesity, a known risk factor for colorectal cancer.
- Smoking and Alcohol: Both habits are associated with higher cancer risk, including colorectal cancer.
Medical and Genetic Factors
- Age: Risk of colorectal cancer increases significantly after the age of 50.
- Personal or Family History: Having a personal history of colorectal polyps or cancer, or a family history of colorectal cancer, increases one’s risk.
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD): Chronic conditions like Crohn’s disease or ulcerative colitis elevate the risk of developing colorectal cancer.
Signs and Symptoms of Colorectal Cancer
It is important to note that symptoms of colorectal cancer may not appear in the early stages, which is why screening is critical. However, when symptoms do occur, they include:
- Bowel Habit Changes: Diarrhoea, constipation, or a feeling of incomplete evacuation
- Rectal Bleeding: Bright red or dark stools
- Abdominal Discomfort: Cramps, gas, or persistent pain
- Unexplained Weight Loss: Unintended and significant loss of body weight without changes in diet or activity levels
- Fatigue: Often caused by anaemia from bleeding in the digestive tract
- Narrow Stools: A noticeable change in stool shape can indicate possible obstruction
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