Anal Fistula

What is an Anal Fistula?

An anal fistula is an abnormal tunnel or connection that forms between the epithelial lining of the anal canal and the skin near the anus. This condition often develops as a result of infection in an anal gland, which leads to the formation of an abscess.

When the abscess fails to heal properly or recurs, a fistula may form as the body attempts to create a new pathway for the infected material to drain. Anal fistulas can vary in complexity, ranging from simple, single-channel fistulas to more complicated ones with branching tunnels.

What Causes Anal Fistulas?

Anal fistulas primarily occur due to infections or blockages in the anal glands. These infections can lead to the formation of an abscess, which may eventually develop into a fistula. While this is the most common cause, other factors may also contribute to the formation of anal fistulas, such as:

• Crohn’s Disease: This chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) can increase the risk of fistula formation due to prolonged inflammation in the intestinal lining.

• Trauma: Injuries or surgical interventions in the anal region can sometimes lead to fistula development.
• Infections: Some infections such as tuberculosis and sexually transmitted infections can result in anal fistulas.
• Radiation Therapy: Radiation treatment for cancers near the anal region may lead to tissue damage and subsequent fistula formation.

Signs and Symptoms

The symptoms of an anal fistula can vary depending on its severity and complexity. Common signs to look out for include:

• Persistent pain in the anal region, particularly during sitting, bowel movements, or physical activity.
• Recurrent swelling or abscess formation near the anus.
• Foul-smelling discharge, which may include pus or blood, from an external opening near the anus.
• Irritation or redness around the anus.
• Difficulty or pain during bowel movements.